tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10004353893017878902024-03-14T12:02:14.896+08:00CultureAinudin Bin Mohamadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03128901207155425975noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1000435389301787890.post-13770885332009722142016-03-26T16:04:00.007+08:002024-03-05T23:37:19.130+08:00Christianity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" lang="EN" style="color: #92d050; font-size: 24pt;">Christianity</span></u><u><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" lang="EN" style="color: #92d050; font-size: 12pt;"></span></u><br />
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<span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;">in Malaysia</span><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">The early history of Malaysia is obscure. It was split into small independent kingdoms until the 15<sup>th</sup> century when Malacca became a great kingdom and trading center, founded by a refugee prince. He converted to Islam, and Malacca became a center for the further spread of the Muslim faith. According to historical data, dating back to the early Christians appears the seventh century by the Persian and Turkish merchants brought Christianity. </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">In 1511 Portugal invaded Malacca brought Roman Catholicism. The seventeenth century, the Dutch landed in Malacca, the Portuguese driven out, and these cannot continue to promote Catholic, and while the introduction of the Dutch Reformed Christianity. Because of its desirable location and despite constant fighting with surrounding kingdoms, the Dutch took it over in 1641.</span></div>
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<span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"> In 1710, the Dutch let Catholics worship recovery waiting in Malacca, Malaysia established the whole Catholic Church: St. Peter's Church, this church holds true today, it is the oldest church. Melaka Christ Church, established in 1753 by the Dutch, is also among the first Christian church in Malaysia. The British, for trade and political reasons, moved into the area and took control of Penang (1786), Singapore (1819) and Malacca (1824). To work the tin mines, the British imported Chinese and Indian laborers, who then became involved in territorial disputes with the native Malays. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"> The British, therefore, worked indirectly through the hereditary Malay rulers (sultans) so as to maintain peace and order and protect their trading interests. On 1838, by which the Church in the first 38 years after the British took over Malacca, managed by the Anglican Church. According to Christian recorded in the book of Malaysia, the first of the Malaysian Malay Bible is published in 1662, and the first of the Chinese Bible printed in 1823.</span></div>
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<span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>At this time, East Malaysia was largely dominated by the powerful Muslim state of Brunei. Through gifts, land grants and trade, the area became a British protectorate in 1888. Following occupation by the Japanese during World War II, there was a movement for independence from Britain. This was achieved for Peninsular Malaysia in 1957. In 1963, the current Malaysia was formed with the addition of Sabah and Sarawak (East Malaysia). (Singapore was also part of Malaysia for two years, before leaving for economic and political reasons.)</span></div>
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<span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Sitiawan Settlement Museum. </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://amzn.to/3SM1tuo" imageanchor="1" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1500" height="320" src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/61A0eSwvROL._AC_SL1500_.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Click Image To Buy</div><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://amzn.to/49MlMib" imageanchor="1" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1500" height="320" src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/71V0jtUu9vL._AC_SL1500_.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Click Image To Buy</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div>
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<span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Most Christian denominations and the Chinese and Indian immigrants have contact, but also exposed the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak. In Sabah, 1882 Pakse church missionary group began their missionary work among the Hakka people, many Hakka body of Christ. Developed by Chinese Presbyterian Church Johor up Presbyterian is also Johor, Penang, Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur and other places to establish a church foreigners. Boxer causing chaos Chinese Methodist immigrants, and migrate to Sitiawan and Sibu in Sarawak. Emigrated to the peninsula Tamil people, including Catholic, Lutheran and Methodist. In 1932, immigrants from India Syrian Orthodox Church came to Malaya. In 1932, the Sango indigenous evangelism begins.</span></div>
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<span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Today, Malaysia is a federation of 13 states, with a monarch being chosen by rotation from among the hereditary sultans. The federal parliament is democratically elected. Politics have been dominated by ethnic disputes between the Malays and the Chinese who came to the country under the British. The politically powerful Malays have been extending their influence over the non-Malay population in educational, economic and religious life. The growing power of fundamentalist Muslim politicians has further polarized the country, with consequent interethnic and interreligious tensions.</span><br />
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<span face=""nirmala ui", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Global market forces also pose a challenge to the government. Malaysia is a leading exporter of electronics and is consistently showing economic growth. It is striving to reach “developed nation” status by 2020. The rapid economic growth that Japan experienced in the post-war years was astonishing. Toward the latter half of the 1980s, however, the economy overheated with greatly inflated real estate and stock prices. The so-called economic bubble burst in the early 1990s, leading to a recession from which the country is still struggling to recover. In spite of this, Japan remains a vital economic player globally and continues to be among the world’s leading producers in some industries, such as electronics and automobiles.</span></div>
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Ainudin Bin Mohamadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03128901207155425975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1000435389301787890.post-81288142515179025452016-02-25T14:02:00.007+08:002024-03-06T00:10:43.467+08:00Diwali Festival In India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 20pt;">Diwali Festival In India</span></b></u></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">"Diwali",
the festival of lights, illuminates the darkness of the New Year's moon, and
strengthens our close friendships and knowledge, with a self-realization.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span>Diwali is celebrated on a nation-wide scale on
Amavasya, the 15th day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Ashwin,
(October/November) every year. It symbolizes that age-old culture of India
which teaches to vanquish ignorance that subdues humanity and to drive away
darkness that engulfs the light of knowledge. Diwali, the festival of lights
even to-day in this modern world projects the rich and glorious past of India.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Every year on the dark nights of Diwali the sound
of firecrackers announces the celebration of the </span><b style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">favorite festival of
Indians</b><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">. Homes are decorated, sweets are distributed by everyone and
thousands of lamps are lit to create a world of fantasy. Of all the festivals
celebrated in India, Diwali is by far the most glamorous and important.
Enthusiastically enjoyed by people of every religion, its magical and radiant
touch creates an atmosphere of joy and festivity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> The ancient story of how Diwali evolved into such a
widely celebrated festival is different in various regions and states of India.
In the north, particularly in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar and the
surrounding areas, Diwali is the day when <b>King Rama's</b> coronation was
celebrated in Ayodhya after his epic war with Ravana, the demon king of Lanka.
By order of the royal families of <b>Ayodhya</b> and <b>Mithila</b>, the
kingdom of which Sita was princess, the cities and far-flung boundaries of
these kingdoms were lit up with rows of lamps, glittering on dark nights to
welcome home the divine king Rama and his queen Sita after 14 years of exile,
ending with an across-the-seas war in which the whole of the kingdom of <b>Lanka</b>
was destroyed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">On the day of Diwali festival, doorways are hung
with torans of mango leaves and marigolds. <b>Rangolis</b> are drawn with
different colored powders to welcome guests. The traditional motifs are often
linked with auspicious symbols of good luck. Oil diyas are arranged in and
around the house. Because of these flickering lamps, the festival has acquired
its name : Dipawali or Diwali meaning <b>'a rows of lamps'</b>. On this day,
people buy something for the house or some jewelry for the women of the house.
It is auspicious to be buy something metallic, such as silver.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Whatever may be the fables and legends behind the
celebrations of Diwali, all people exchange sweets, wear new clothes and buy
jewelry at this festive time. Card parties are held in many homes. Diwali has
become commercialized as the biggest annual consumer spree because every family
shops for sweets, gifts and fireworks. However, in all this frenzy of shopping
and eating, the steady, burning lamp is a constant symbol of an illuminated
mind. </span></div>
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Ainudin Bin Mohamadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03128901207155425975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1000435389301787890.post-30384038906762944762016-02-20T20:36:00.008+08:002024-03-06T00:23:16.011+08:00Kadazan Dusun<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span lang="EN" style="color: #548235; font-size: 18pt;">Kadazan People</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%;">The <b>Kadazans</b> are an ethnic
group indigenous to the state of Sabah in Malaysia. They are found mainly in
Penampang on the west coast of Sabah, the surrounding locales, and various
locations in the interior. "Kadazan" is a term referring to the Dusun
Tangara most of whom lived in towns.</span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline"><b><span face="calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #548235; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"><span color="windowtext"><b><span lang="EN" style="color: #548235; font-size: 18pt;">Origins</span></b></span></span></b></span><b><span face="calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #548235; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></b></h2>
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<span face="calibri, sans-serif">While it is widely believed that the term itself was a political
derivative that came into existence in the late 1950s to early 1960s, no proper
historical record exists pertaining to the origins of the term or its
originator. However, an article by Richard Tunggolou<sup id="cite_ref-1"> </sup>may
shed some light. According to Tunggolou, most of the explanations of the
meanings and origins of the word ‘Kadazan’ assumed that the word was of recent
origin, specifically in the late 1950s and early 1960s. </span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline"><b><span face="calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #548235; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"><span color="windowtext"><b><span lang="EN" style="color: #548235; font-size: 18pt;">Culture</span></b></span></span></b></span><b><span face="calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #548235; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></b></h2>
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<span face="calibri, sans-serif"> Kadazan culture is heavily influenced by the farming of rice,
culminating in various delicacies and alcoholic drinks prepared through
differing home-brewed fermentation processes. Toomis and linutau are the main
rice wine variants served and consumed in Kadazan populated areas, and are a
staple of Kadazan social gatherings and ceremonies.</span></div>
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<span face="calibri, sans-serif">The most important festival of the Kadazans is the Kaamatan or
harvest festival, where the spirit of the paddy is honoured after a year's
harvest. This takes place in May, and the two last days of the month are public
holidays throughout Sabah. During the celebration, the most celebrated event is
the crowning of the 'Unduk Ngadau', meaning harvest queen in Kadazan. Young
women of Kadazan or Dusun descent from each district compete for this title.
The beauty pageant is held to commemorate the spirit of 'Huminodun', a
mythological character of unparalleled beauty said to have given her life in
exchange for a bountiful harvest for her community.</span></div>
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<span face="calibri, sans-serif"> In marriages, dowries are paid to the bride's family and an elaborate
negotiation is arranged between the groom and bride's families. As a
traditional gesture of politeness and civility, the dowry is metaphorically
laid out with match sticks on a flat surface, and representatives from each
side push and pull the sticks across a boundary to denote the bargaining of the
dowry. Dowries traditionally consisted of water buffaloes, pigs, sacks of rice
and even urns of tapai. Modern dowry negotiations also include cash and land
ownership deeds. Kadazan women from the Penampang and Dusun women from the
Keningau, Ranau and Tuaran areas are widely regarded to have the most expensive
dowries.</span></div>
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<span face="calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dusun Dance</span> </span></div>
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<span face="calibri, sans-serif"> While it is traditionally customary for Kadazans to marry within a
village or a neighbouring village, a downshift of xenophobia over the past few
decades has eased the difficulty once associated with interracial marriage. The
Kadazans have a particularly good affinity with the local Chinese, resulting in
the coinage of the term Sino-Kadazan, meaning half-Kadazan and half-Chinese
offspring of these unions. Due to the overwhelming Christian influence and some
marriages to Muslim spouses, resulting in a mandatory conversion to Islam,
still induces outrage and rejection and is known to divide fiercely traditional
Kadazans. </span><br />
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<span face="calibri, sans-serif"> Islam has lately been embraced by a growing minority as a means to
political ends considering the fact that the local Malay minority has gained
political ascendance in recent years. Ruling Malay political parties have also
openly been giving political and economical privileges to Kadazans who agree to
convert to Islam as well as to other non-Christian Kadazans. Conspiracy has
said that the Kadazan Christian trying to establish Christian government in
Sabah.</span></div>
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Ainudin Bin Mohamadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03128901207155425975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1000435389301787890.post-33098517457377644912016-02-18T01:30:00.009+08:002024-03-06T00:39:21.354+08:00Minangkabau People<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u>Minangkabau.</u></h3>
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<img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzX99amVA8QxCidw9wpQ5omGOvL7VRjVu4diwyofxmwJo5yq34mv1D-sAIo-3unRHdAgXKGMc5lRh_mVJL3T5FZLKpR_puRwrmbgwhpDvkvoOyCUx_0kZIzujRl_SKZOgXNIQoXGw8Skr/s400/2.png" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span face="arial, sans-serif"> Minangkabau</span></b><span face="arial, sans-serif"><b> people</b> (Minangkabau: <b>Urang Minang</b>;
Indonesian: <b>Suku Minang</b>; Jawi: <b>مينڠكاباو</b>), also known as <b>Minang</b>,
is an ethnic group indigenous to the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra, Indonesia.
Their culture is both matrilineal and patriarchal, with property and land
passing down from mother to daughter, while religious and political affairs are
the responsibility of men, although some women also play important roles in
these areas. This custom is called Lareh Bodi Caniago and is known as Adat
perpatih in Malaysia. Today 4,5 million Minangs live in the homeland of West
Sumatra, while about 4,5 million more are scattered throughout many Indonesian
and Malay peninsular cities and towns.</span></div>
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<span face="arial, sans-serif"> The Minangkabau are famous for their dedication
to education, as well as the widespread diaspora of their men throughout
southeast Asia, the result being that Minangs have been disproportionately
successful in gaining positions of economic and political power throughout the
region. </span></div>
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<span face="arial, sans-serif"><span> The co-founder of the Republic of Indonesia, Mohammad Hatta, was a
Minang, as were the first President of Singapore, Yusof bin Ishak, and the
first Supreme Head of State or Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, Tuanku Abdul
Rahman.</span></span></div>
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<span face="arial, sans-serif">The Minangkabau are strongly Islamic, but also
follow their ethnic traditions, or <i>adat</i>. The Minangkabau <i>adat</i> was
derived from animist and Hindu-Buddhist beliefs before the arrival of Islam,
and remnants of animist beliefs still exist even among some practising Muslims.
The present relationship between Islam and <i>adat</i> is described in the
saying "tradition [<i>adat</i>] founded upon Islamic law, Islamic law
founded upon the Qur'an" (<i>adat basandi syara', syara' basandi
Kitabullah</i>).</span></div>
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<span face="arial, sans-serif">As one of the world's most populous (as well as
politically and economically influential) matrilineal ethnicity, Minangkabau
gender dynamics have been extensively studied by anthropologists. The <i>adat</i>
(Minangkabau: <i>Adaik</i>) traditions have allowed Minangkabau women to hold a
relatively advantageous position in their society compared to most patriarchal
societies, as most property and other economic assets pass though female lines.
With the arrival of the Dutch and other Muslim groups, the traditions have been
gradually influenced by both western and conservative Islamic thought.</span></div>
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<span face="arial, sans-serif"> Based on the Raffles' vision, Minangkabau is
believed to have been the cradle of the Malay race. Their West Sumatran
homelands was the seat of the Pagaruyung kingdom
and the location of the Padri War (1821 to 1837).</span></div>
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Ainudin Bin Mohamadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03128901207155425975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1000435389301787890.post-41213148798553206372016-02-17T02:31:00.006+08:002024-03-06T01:03:21.927+08:00Bugis In Malaysia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u>Bugis.</u></h3>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> For centuries, many Bugis
have left their villages in search for a new life and settlements. In the <b><u>Malay culture</u></b>, such practice is called as ‘merantau’ or pasompe in Bugis. The ‘merantau’ activities have over time strengthened the historical ties, blood connections and cultural linkages between the Bugis community and the people on the Malay Peninsula.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> The migration of Bugis to the
peninsula occurred as early as the Malacca Sultanate. During the seventeenth century, there were already settlements of the Bugis people in the Malay
Peninsula. Large-group migration, however, only occurred during the British colonial period, particularly the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Their migration to Malaysia has persisted until the present day. Although the exact number of the migrants cannot be determined due to the lack of written and oral sources, the
majority of them have settled in Johor and Selangor states in Peninsular Malaysia.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> In Johor, their roles as jungle
settlers and pioneers of new rural settlements are among the important aspects that form the historiography of Johor. Until today, their existence can still be
observed in some settlements, which spread over a few villages within the Johor territories. Ever since their first arrival to the peninsula, the Bugis have not only successfully marked their name in the local history, but they have also made their presence much more prominent than that of other groups.</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> The study of the history of
the Bugis people coming to the Peninsula, especially to Johor is actually not a
new historical phenomenon. It has long been accepted. In the Bugis community,
sailing, travel, trade and travel is a whole tradition in their lives. As a
well-known tribe in shipping activity, </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> Bugis sailors have developed a maritime
culture over the last century. Their boats of the type phinisi and lambo has
weathered the waters of the archipelago to trade and travel. The term
"competitive" (sailing) in Bugis society also means to go abroad, is
as a catalyst factor in people to leave their homes if they feel depressed.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">The occurrence of large-scale
migration in the 17th century and early 18th century in South Sulawesi Bugis
society is because one of the consequences of such distress. They have migrated
to Sumbawa, Lombok, Bali, Java, Sumatra, Borneo According Soehartoko, 'pasompe'
is the process of moving residents out Sulewesi Wajo South in order to go
abroad, looking for life experience and a new life in another area with a
sailing. See Soehartoko, Roam For People Wajo Makassar: Summary of Research,
Research Training Centre of Social Sciences University of Hasanuddin, 1971. See
also Andi Kesuma Ima, Migration & The Bugis, Opu Daeng search presence
Rilaka In Century XVIII in Johor, Yogyakarta, Waves, 2004. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Within the Bugis people of
Borneo in Pontianak and Mampawa and Sea Island, rubber, sand, Kutei (
Samarinda), Bolongan and Powder Mountain, is responsible for the control of
trade in the river valley.</span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> Most</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">Bugis</span> <span class="hps">community</span> <span class="hps">was
chosen</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">destination</span> <span class="hps">Johor</span> <span class="hps">migration</span>.
<span class="hps">They have</span> <span class="hps">been</span> <span class="hps">exploring</span>
<span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">build home for </span><span class="hps">settlements</span>
<span class="hps">in several</span> <span class="hps">areas in</span> <span class="hps">Johor</span>. <span class="hps">Their</span> <span class="hps">role as</span>
<span class="hps">forest</span> <span class="hps">settlers</span> <span class="hps">and
builders</span> <span class="hps">rural</span> <span class="hps">settlements</span>
<span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hps">among the most important</span> <span class="hps">aspects</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">history</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">state</span>.</span><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"></span></span></div>
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Ainudin Bin Mohamadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03128901207155425975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1000435389301787890.post-48955997007410645882016-02-15T11:37:00.010+08:002024-03-06T01:24:29.662+08:00Javanese (Jawa) in Malaysia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u>Javanese.</u></b></h3>
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<b><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3AaixY9x7G0ySsBqvqvNI6hDjhgB8ZA_AsyZIqsQ5-lzXMP3hqWBscDEpgzN6D8GU2iKeLxXeHl5kS0qx5I2AIASGn9ZsxM3NPK4CFZK1lkte96RgHqexGjY_MKoILqNaQxWBiT-Xf27o/s400/1.png" width="400" /></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Introduction / History</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">The Orang Jawa ('<b><u>people of Java</u></b>', also known as
'Javanese') migrated from Central Java, Indonesia, to Malaysia from 1880 to
1930. They migrated to seek a new life away from the Dutch colonists who ruled Indonesia
at that time. Today the Orang Jawa live throughout Peninsular Malaysia in parts
of Perak, Selangor, and Kedah. There are also isolated communities in coastal
areas of Sabah. Some Jawa have even gained influential positions in society.
The Chief Minister of Selangor traces his roots back to Orang Jawa ancestors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">The Jawa language is being spoken less and less
among today's younger Orang Jawa. Most of them have either never learned it or
cannot remember how to speak it.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Their Living </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> Recent generations of Orang Jawa who live in cities
have assimilated with the general Malay culture. In the past their parents were
farmers, construction workers and timber workers. Now they also work as
bankers, pilots, engineers, accountants, and politicians. They are known to be
efficient and industrious. Some Orang Jawa in Selangor work as Islamic
religious teachers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">In some villages, the Orang Jawa maintain their
identity and traditions. People from other Malay people groups who marry into
an Orang Jawa family sometimes call themselves Orang Jawa, or Jawa Peranakan.
Apart from growing their own vegetables and raising poultry, some villagers
have also started their own tourism programs to promote the Javanese way of
life.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">The Orang Jawa are a very hospitable people,
usually inviting visitors to share a meal with the family. Families are often
quite large, some having between 10 and 17 children. Marriages are grand
affairs that sometimes last up to three days. The giving of love gifts to the
newlyweds is common. Emphasis is placed on helping one another during weddings
rather than receiving large sums of money. As the Orang Jawa have become more
successful in life, their desire to recover their cultural Javanese roots has
grown.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Their Beliefs/Religion</span></b></b></span></b></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">The Orang Jawa are predominantly Sunni Muslims.
During weddings and circumcision rituals they perform the jedur (songs of
praise to the prophet Mohammed) which is compiled in a book called Silawatan.
They also perform the kempling (a type of dance giving praise to Allah) during
religious occasions.</span></span></b></span></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">During the performance, they use a tool made from
lamb's wool and wood. The Qur'an is read before and after the dance, and it
takes a group of between ten to twenty people to perform it. The kempling
performance is an opportunity for the Orang Jawa to get together to build
ethnic solidarity and unity. It is also a time for discussing the challenges
faced by the villages.</span></span></b></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> The Orang Jawa have a strong Islamic background. Pray that communication
bridges into their culture could be used to meet the spiritual needs. Pray that
the lives of committed believers will be a positive influence and could bring
about good relationships with Orang Jawa people.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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Ainudin Bin Mohamadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03128901207155425975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1000435389301787890.post-22172060406597242962016-02-12T19:35:00.008+08:002024-03-06T01:37:40.649+08:00Chinese New Year<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span><b style="text-decoration-line: underline;">Chinese
New Year</b> starts with the New Moon on the first day of the new year and ends on
the full moon 15 days later. The 15th day of the new year is called the Lantern
Festival, which is celebrated at night with lantern displays and children
carrying lanterns in a parade</span></div>
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<span> The
Chinese calendar is based on a combination of lunar and solar movements. The
lunar cycle is about 29.5 days. In order to "catch up" with the solar
calendar the Chinese insert an extra month once every few years (seven years
out of a 19-yearcycle). This is the same as adding an extra day on leap year.
This is why, according to the solar calendar, the Chinese New Year falls on a
different date each year.</span></div>
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<span> New
Year's Eve and New Year's Day are celebrated as a family affair, a time of
reunion and thanksgiving. The celebration was traditionally highlighted with a
religious ceremony given in honour of Heaven and Earth, the gods of the
household and the family ancestors,</span><br />
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<span> The
sacrifice to the ancestors, the most vital of all the rituals, united the
living members with those who had passed away. Departed relatives are
remembered with great respect because they were responsible for laying the
foundations for the fortune and glory of the family.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; line-height: 107%;"> </span></div>
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<span> The presence of the
ancestors is acknowledged on New Year's Eve with a dinner arranged for them at
the family banquet table. The spirits of the ancestors, together with the
living, celebrate the onset of the New Year as one great community. The
communal feast called "surrounding the stove" or weilu. It symbolizes
family unity and honor</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; line-height: 107%;"> the past and
present generations.</span>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">2016 Chinese New Year</span></b><br /><br /></div>
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<img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiki3yfBdetmIh2NOoavS_EYIhzXRS5lWM9OpF5QmtEI5iVp1SoTSiC-Yim12XVhTR5XG-OW_697qDHLHDe3hRuqOaAzEVeeOoxx4MWsRmUEOhn7I21sqBW9EdGtJAn117YTAKUyAlw-Ccm/w389-h249/2.png" width="389" /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span>The
start of the lunar year is just around the corner, and millions across the
world are preparing to celebrate Chinese New Year.In the Chinese lunar
calendar, each year is signified by an animal from the Chinese zodiac cycle.
2016 will be Year of the Red Fire Monkey, and will start on 8th February.</span></div>
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<span>What
does this mean for you if you were born in the Year of the Red Fire Monkey?
Birth years in the 20th century include 2004, 1992, 1980, 1968, 1956, 1944,
1932 and 1920. Unfortunately, when the year of your birth sign rolls round, the
Chinese believes that you will suffer bad luck for all 52 weeks.</span></div>
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<span>People
in their birth year are said to offend Tai Sui, the God of Age, and so they
have to be on their best behaviour for the whole 365 days. Tough call, fire
monkeys. Turn your luck around by wearing red, donning jade accessories and by
facing in the right direction by the compass. Yes, you did read that correctly.
Southwest for you unfortunate monkeys in 2016.</span></div>
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<span>The
day will be marked by lion dances, firecrackers and the giving of gifts. Here's
everything you need to know about Chinese New Year.</span></div>
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Ainudin Bin Mohamadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03128901207155425975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1000435389301787890.post-16553900581233019782016-02-08T22:47:00.009+08:002024-03-06T01:50:12.168+08:00Femininity Make Birth of Culture<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Femininity Make Birth Of Culture</span></b></div>
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<span> I have always wondered why our species Homo sapiens, that evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago, seemed to do nothing special for the first 150,000 years. Because it is not until about 50,000 years ago that the first sign of creative thinking emerged with beautiful cave paintings found in Spain, France and Indonesia.</span></div>
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<span> Around the same time a new sub-species referred to as anatomically modern humans or Homo sapiens sapiens appears. Anatomically modern humans were more slender than their earlier ancestors; they had less hair, smaller skulls. They looked basically like us.</span></div>
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<span> But these changes weren’t just cosmetic. Two recent papers throw some light on how the revolutionary development of smaller and more fine-boned humans influenced the growth of cooperative culture, the birth of agriculture and human dominance of the planet.</span></div>
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<b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Feminine Faces</span></b><br />
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<span> The first is an analysis of the fossilized skulls of our ancestors during this transitional period, carried out by a team led by Robert Cieri at the University of Utah and published in the journal <i><b>Current Anthropology</b>.</i></span></div>
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<span> Cieri and colleagues found the brow ridge (the bony bit above the eye sockets) became significantly less prominent and male facial shape became more similar to that of females. They referred to this as craniofacial feminization, meaning that as <i><b>Homo sapiens</b></i> slimmed down their skulls became flatter and more “feminine” in shape.</span></div>
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<span> They think this must have been due to lower levels of testosterone, as there is a strong relationship between levels of this hormone and long faces with extended brow ridges, which we may perceive today as very “masculine” features.</span><span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://amzn.to/49Htz0G" imageanchor="1" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1500" height="320" src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/61DMiDTYtDL._AC_SL1500_.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Click Image To Buy</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://amzn.to/4bJoJ4J" imageanchor="1" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1155" data-original-width="892" height="320" src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51K1bsXke6L._AC_SL1500_.jpg" width="247" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Click Image To Buy</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span>
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<b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Social Graces</span></b><br />
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<span> People with lower levels of testosterone are less likely to be reactively or spontaneously violent, and therefore have enhanced social tolerance. This has a huge knock-on effect. As seen among humans today, we live in populations with extremely high densities with an incredible amount of social tolerance. So a reduction in reactive violence must have been an essential prerequisite for us to be able to live in larger groups and develop cooperative culture.</span></div>
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<span> The idea that humans became more feminine, less aggressive and thus could cooperate in large groups is certainly very intriguing as it would have allowed individuals with different skills to be valued and be reproductively successful due to the reduction of particularly male-male violence. In most primates the physically strongest male tends to dominate, but in early humans the smartest or the most creative males may have come to the forefront.</span></div>
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<b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Self-Domestication</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span> The question remains, how did we become more feminine, less violent and more creative? A second paper in the journal </span><i>Animal Behaviour </i><span>led by Brian Hare at Duke University may throw some light on to this. He and colleagues compared chimpanzees (</span><i>Pan troglodytes</i><span>) and bonobos (</span><i>Pan paniscus</i><span>) in West Africa, two closely related species living in very similar environmental conditions either side of the Congo River.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"> One key distinction between the two species is the size difference between males and females, their “dimorphism.” Male chimps are significantly larger than females, whereas the difference in bonobos is much smaller. This difference is driven by different levels of testosterone. The size is just one manifestation of deeper differences that also show up in how the animals interact with one another. Chimpanzees, particularly males, are very aggressive, but violence within or between groups is almost non-existent among bonobos. As both these species have a common ancestor there must have been strong selection going on to feminize the bonobos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"> Hare and colleagues suggest a process of self-domestication whereby violent individuals are punished and prevented from reproducing. The traits exhibited by bonobos are very similar to the changes observed in species that humans have domesticated such as dogs, cows, guinea pigs and foxes. They postulate the reason why bonobos were able to feminize and chimpanzees did not is because, on the Eastern side of the Congo where the chimps live, they are in direct competition with gorillas, whereas the bonobos on the western side have no competition.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"> Harvard professor Richard Wrangham, a co-author of the Hare paper, suggested in a recent talk that the same process may have happened to early humans.</span><br />
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<b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Sex Equality</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">This feminization through self-domestication may not only have made humans more peaceful and evenly sized, but may have also produced a more sexually equal society.</span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"> A recent study in the journal <i><span style="color: black;">Science</span></i><span style="color: black;"> </span>by colleagues of mine at UCL showed that in hunter-gatherer groups in the Congo and the Philippines decisions about where to live and with whom were made equally by both genders. Despite living in small communities, this resulted in hunter-gatherers living with a large number of individuals with whom they had no kinship ties. The authors argue this may have proved an evolutionary advantage for early human societies, as it would have fostered wider-ranging social networks, closer cooperation between unrelated individuals, a wider choice of mates, and reduced chances of inbreeding.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"> The frequent movement and interaction between groups also fostered the sharing of innovations, which may have helped the spread of culture. As Andrea Migliano, the leader of the study points out, “sex equality suggests a scenario where unique human traits, such as cooperation with unrelated individuals, could have emerged in our evolutionary past.”</span></div>
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<span> It may have only been with the rise of agriculture that an imbalance between the sexes reemerged, as individual men were suddenly able to concentrate enough resources to maintain several wives and many children. Indeed the Robert Cieri-led study does show slightly more masculine facial shapes emerging in recent agriculturalists relative to early humans and recent human foragers.</span><br />
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<b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Evolving Toward Niceness</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"> So at the moment we have some tentative hints of what may have happened between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago. Humans may have undergone self-domestication and over many generations weeded out those individuals that were unable to control their reactive violence.</span>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"> This is not as far-fetched as it sounds studies of the Gebusi tribe in Papua New Guinea by Bruce Knauft showed significant levels of male mortality due to the tribe deciding that an individual’s behaviour is so intolerable that for the good of the tribe they must be killed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"> So human proactive violence that is, thought out, discussed, and planned violence is used to curb, control and cull reactively violent individuals. This process combined with female mating choices over thousands of years could have selected for males with lower testosterone and more feminine features, which leads to a much more gender-equal society and the start of our cumulative culture.</span>
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